Review of the health benefits of Syzygium Cumini Essay Example

Review of the health benefits of Syzygium Cumini Paper Abstractions: Syzygium cumini which is normally known as Jamun or Jambul is rather celebrated as the Indian summer fruit and is in usage really much. This works has countless usage in the field of wellness and medical specialty. Get downing from earlier the use of jamun is in usage and is been used in the ayurvedic and unani medical specialty from traditional times. Syzygium cumini ( L ) . SKEEL is blooming works which belong to the householdMyrtaceae. The major map of Syzygium cumini is that it helps in the intervention of DIABETES.In many developing states where medical specialty are non to the full developed, the fruits of Syzygium cumini are been in usage so as to bring around many diseases. During many research it was been found that this works is rich in many chemical composing which helps in bring arounding many diseases. Particularly the works contain a high sum of anthocyanin, glucoside etc. which contain medicative belongingss. Not merely the individual portion of the works but each and every portion of the works contains medicative belongingss get downing from foliages till its bark and root all are of every bit importance. The seeds particularly play major function in the intervention of blood sugar as they help in cut downing the blood sugar degree in organic structure and besides constitute many antioxidants. The research workers have developed many medical specialty from the infusion of jamun which can be good in handling many diseases. The species of Syzygium cumini is native to the states like India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Pakistan etc. Scientist have found that the Syzygium cumini consist of a broad assortments of phytochemicals and foods. In other states it is besides known as black plum, Java plum etc.Apart from all these states Syzygium is besides been grown in assorted other states and is been used in handling many upsets specially Diabetes. It is normally treated as a medicative beginning from traditional clip being. In this term paper the major of import points which are been focused arewhat are all the of import characteristic characteristics of the works Syzygium cumini and how this works and its portion are been used up in the wellness field. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of the health benefits of Syzygium Cumini specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Review of the health benefits of Syzygium Cumini specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Review of the health benefits of Syzygium Cumini specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer .KEYWORDS:phytochemicals, Syzygium cumini, diabetes, Introduction If it has to be started from the really get downing the start would be from the beginning of use of the works Syzygium cuimni as a medicative component. From early clip when medical specialty were non known much to people the usage of herbs and natural drugs were in really common province. Since so the usage of works is really common and from so onward the range of Syzygium became widely celebrated. SYZYGIUM CUMINI is a works which is of great usage. It has many characteristic compounds which possess disease curing characteristic. Syzygium is a species of Myrtaceae, which is native to the many states such as Pakistan, India, Bhutan, etc. Since the research traveling on from the last few old ages it was found that this works and all the portion of it possess particularly the seeds and bark possess anti-diabetic hardening characteristic. During the surveies in last decennaries the anti-diabetic characteristic of this works is been cited in many research paper and reappraisal article. It is said to be that these workss are found to be rich in compounds such as anthocyanin, anti-oxidant belongingss and much more which aid in bring arounding this disease. It was noticed that the seeds contain many chemical composing which aid in cut downing the blood sugar degree. Apart from the major function in bring arounding diabetes Syzygium cumini besides has many other belongingss and of impor t function in wellness. It can be said that it is core of many maps which are been really utile for human existences. The treatment of each and every portion of jamun and their major map is done. The other points which are been discussed would be up till now what all research is been done in the development ofmedical specialtiesfrom the works infusion. Hence these all point would be discussed in the undermentioned reappraisal article apart from this the major research turning up in the development of medical specialties from jamun is besides been discussed futher. Beginning:hypertext transfer protocol: //www.carlos-alvarado.com/2010_05_01_archive.htm BENEFICIAL PARTS OF SYZYGIUM CUMINI OR JAMUN During the research which was done it was found that non merely the fruits but each and every portion of the works is found to be every bit of import and consisting of some of the medicative value. [ 3 ] It was found that it was a really good beginning of cartenoids and many other vitamins which are been proved to be really good for human existences. Get downing from the foliages to the bark and seed each of the works infusion is of every bit importance in medical field. On by one each of them are discussed as follows: Leaf:It was earlier discussed that every portion of Syzygium cumini is comprised of a batch of medicative value. One of the of import portion of this works is its foliages. After making several experiment is was found that the foliages of jamun consisted of anti-microbial characteristic. It was found that the infusion of the foliages of this works is been used in order to bring around many tegument diseases particularly skin lesion as they contain some of the of import chemical composing such as: anthocyanin etc which consist of anti-microbial factor in it. [ 4 ] Due to these anti-microbial content the developing research institute are working so as to do many day-to-day utilizations merchandise such as soap and pick from jamun infusion. Beginning:hypertext transfer protocol: //explorepharma.wordpress.com/2010/09/27/syzygium-cumini/ Apart from the antimicrobic featurethe foliages of Syzygium cumini besides consisted of other of import characteristic such as the foliages besides helps in bring arounding gum jobs and teeth jobs. Some recent research has shown that the infusion of foliages if is used besides helps in alleviating from gastropathy, leucorrhoea, stoamchalgia etc. these are some of the major jobs related to the tummy. The foliages extract besides helps in bring arounding tummy irregularity. Thus the foliages of this works, Syzygium cumini is of every bit of import as it helps in bring arounding many GI jobs. Seed Seeds of Syzygium cumini works is of atmost importance. It was noticed that the foliages besides possess many other characteristic characteristic out of which the remedy of diabetes is n of the of import characteristic. During the last 125 twelvemonth research which was much before the find of insulin many grounds were seen which defined that seeds of these workss help in bring arounding the blood sugar degree. In the research it was found that the seeds of jamun contain many elements such as gulcoside jambolin which help normally assist in cut downing blood sugar degree by cut downing the transition of amylum to saccharify by altering the assorted chemical procedures in it. Apart from this one characteristic the foliages besides contain other falvonoids, phenol and rich in protein and Ca. [ 4 ] . After executing several experiment on mice and rats it was found that seed of Syzygium cumini were capable of bring arounding chief 2 type of diabetes Hence it was by experimentation proved that the seeds of Syzygium were proved to be effectual against commanding blood sugar degree. Other surveies have besides revealed that the seeds besides contain many alknoids, these alknoids have an ability toward the hyperglycemic consequence. Hence it can be good in many ways. BarkBark which is another portion of the works jamun is besides effectual in many manners. The bark of Syzygium cumini contain ANTI-OXIDANT feature. It besides comprises of many other characteristic one of which is diabetes control excessively. It can be said that overall each and every portion of jamun is of every bit significance. Get downing from the foliages to the bark and fruit each hold medicative characteristic. In this the bark of the workss are found to be holding belongingss like antimicrobic which is besides one of the of import feature. Fruits OF JAMUN The fruits of jamun are besides really important. After making several research, scientist have found that the fruit of jamun is chiefly treated in symptoms like gastric, diuretic, etc. Many a times the juice of this fruits is been consumed in order to acquire alleviate from jobs like irregularity and many other GI jobs. A really common job related to gum is known as GINGIVITIS which can besides be cured by utilizing the infusion of fruits of this works { 7 } Due to these several of import characteristic these are commercially used and many medical specialties are besides been derived from them. Beginning:hypertext transfer protocol: //trade.indiamart.com/details.mp? offer=4336727155) As the wellness benefits of Syzygium were good known before hence many nutrient industries started to doing merchandises from jamun or Syzygium parts In this the chief of import merchandises which were involved were the juices. Juices which were derived from jamun infusion chiefly from their fruits were commercially available in markets. These juice as shown in the above figure were thought to be a replacing of sugar, as it helped in commanding blood sugar degree. In the field of ayurvedic medicine the use of jamun juices in topographic point of sugar for diabetes patients is still in usage. Now a yearss the chief merchandise extracted from Syzygium is beenjamun mush, jamun acetum jaumun pulverization etc are used for many other intents apart from cut downing blood ugar degree.The acetum derived from jamun is besides a remedy for many jobs. The extracted acetum can be used up in instances like swelling of liver and spleen. [ 6 ] . It is found that this acetum is besides helpful in di minishing the migrane pain up to some extent. The other of import merchandise derived from jamun is the seed pulverization. Beginning ;hypertext transfer protocol: //spicingyourlife.blogspot.in/2009/07/jamun-seed-powder-diet-for-diabetics.html The pulverization which is been extracted from the seed are particularly designed for diabetes remedy which is frequently prescribed to diabetes patient. Very frequently people suffer from urine jobs or kidney infection, these jamun extract in the signifier of pulverization or the mush is prove to be effectual in much instances. As it was earlier discussed that jamun comprises of styptic belongings which aid in transition of urine easy. Hence it was seen that it assist in work outing the job related to utrine infection. Sometime this pulverization is extracted from the other parts of the works and hence consists of the belongingss like anti-oxidant majorly. In other words each and every portion of jamun is enriched with medicative value and holds up a really bright hereafter chance. SYZYGIUM CUMINI EFFECTIVE TOOL AGAINST DAIBETES Diabetess is one of the common and celebrated disease which arises due to many factors. It can be said that diabetes is a status in which there is a rise in blood sugar degree and the individual starts to endure from assorted symptoms such as addition in thirst, more urination etc. long term untreated diabetes may do terrible harm and jobs to the organic structure which may include the harm to the bosom, kidney and eyes. Since early clip when non much was known in the field of advanced medical specialty from that onward clip diabetes has started distributing its arm around the universe and no Oklahoman it became celebrated worldwide. Diabetes is characterized in two types a ) TYPE 1 which is stated as Diabetes mellitus and TYPE 2 which is diabetes insipidus. In an appraisal given, it was found that boulder clay 2013, 382 million people were reported to be enduring from diabetes out of which 90 % were reported to holding Type 1 diabetes. Hence the instances of diabetes are increasing at an dismaying rate in worldwide. Now in recent clip when new finds are been originating in every field including DRUGS AND MEDICINE so there is the development of new sort of medical specialty which are been used as medical specialty for diabetes. But this is approximately today what about two or three decennary ago when no accurate and exact remedy of diabetes was been found. In early clip Ayruvedic medical specialty were the lone intervention which was been used up in bring arounding any certain sort of disease. The people of that clip besides believed that the infusion derived from the herbs and bush can be helpful in bring arounding diseases. As no perfect remedy was known at that clip hence the use of the merchandise derived from Syzygium cumini were used for the intervention of blood sugar blood degree. After making many research, it was found that Syzygium cumini or Jamun was proved as anaccessory therapy in instance of intervention of Diabetes Type 2.Apart from its seed wh ich is a great beginning of anthocyanin and aid in commanding the diabetes likewise the fruity violet mush of this works is besides of great importance as it besides anthocyanin rich. The assorted drug and medicative research organisation are been making many research in order to find the rate at which the seeds and mush are helpful in commanding blood sugar. Surveies have shown that the seeds of Syzygium cumini are rich inellagitannins,a compound whose composing is of hexa hydroxyl diphenoyl glucose which aid in cut downing the content of sugar degree hence aid in diminishing the blood sugar degree. Another of import portion of the Syzygium cumini works is its fruits which besides shows the anti-diabetic belongings. The fruits are a good beginning of chemical like glucosides, jambolin and ellagic acid which aid in cut downing the transition of amylum into glucose therefore aid in commanding the blood sugar degree. Hence Syzygium cumini comprises of many indispensable compounds which help in bring arounding diabetes. Not merely in commanding blood sugar degree Syzygium cumini or jamun besides possess many other medicative values. OTHER MEDICINAL VALUE OF SYZYGIUM CUMINI Up till now Syzygium cumini studied for its anti- diabetic belongings. But many research paper besides province that apart from its anti-diabetic belongings, Syzygium cumini is a ocean of many other characteristics or features in the field of medical specialty. In India, Syzygium cumini normally known as Jambolan is good recognized as a common people medical specialty every bit good as in pharmaceutical trade. If it is been said in medicative value so the fruits and bark of this works are said to be holdingdiuretic, acerb and gastric belongingss. Along with this in comparing to any other seasonal fruit Syzygium cumini comprises of a high degree of anti-oxidant belongings.This anti –oxidant characteristic consist of components such as anthocyanin, falvonoids, tannic acid etc. These component are responsible for doing the anti-oxidant belongingss. In the market merchandise such as in toothpaste etc which are used in family sometime contain jamun infusion as it is rich in anti-ox idant belongings. Syzygium cumini works is comprises of other wellness benefits excessively, out of which 1 is that it assist in cut downing thehazard of degenerative diseases. [ 6 ] The degenerative diseases is diseases in which construction or map of the tissue or organ which is been affected deteriorate progressively examples can beAlzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, etc. can besides be cured up by utilizing Syzygium works. The fruit mush of this works which contains chief four anti-oxidant components which include falvonoids, phenoplast, vitamins and cartenoids. These all anti-oxidant aid in cut downing the oxidative emphasis and besides aid in suppression of macromolecular oxidization which helps in cut downing the hazard of degenerative diseases. Apart from the bring arounding these diseases, there are many other diseases and jobs which can be cured by utilizing the infusion of Syzygium cumini. Some of the of import and characterized characteristic of intervention of diseases with Syzygium cumini are: Syzygium cumini possessanticancer.Antineoplastic is belongings of moving to forestall, inhibit or halt the development of a tumor which is besides known as a tumour. Infusion from Syzygium cumini act as an anticancer agent, which can be helpful in intervention of disease such as colon malignant neoplastic disease [ 7 ] . The fruits and bark infusion of Syzygium cumini or Jamun have theRadioprotective and chemoprotective consequencewhich aid in intervention of malignant neoplastic disease. The works besides contains flavonoids and Gallic acid which aid in the decrease of formation of tumour or cut downing the carcinogenic consequence. Hence apart from the intervention of diabetes, Syzygium cumini is a nucleus of many wellness benefits. Thus it was found by the research workers that the Syzygium cumini or jamun aid in bring arounding up many diseases. SCOPE IN FUTURE IN FIELD OF TREATMENT As in the field of medicine new find ever arises. By traveling through all the research work which is been done up boulder clay now sing the function which Syzygium cumini works species is playing in the field of medicine one thing is clear that this works possess many characteristic belongings which could be used by in the medicine and will besides assist in the betterment in the field of medical specialties. The major consequence of this works is on the intervention of diabetes. If the hereafter range is to be discussed so it must be seen that Syzygium cumini or Jamun holds up many advantages in the manner of intervention of diabetes. First as jamun is a cheap summer turning species it can be grown anyplace. Hence it is traveling to be a cheaper manner of intervention. Not merely this it is one of the natural redress which prove to be rather effectual and non-toxic or harmless as it doesn’t contain any harmful component. Easily available. Can be use in the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours meal. Hence it is to be noted that Syzygium cumini is of great usage. The major Drug and Medicine organisation and research centre are developing techniques in which they are deducing drugs and medical specialty from the infusion of this works. Apart from these research and drug development, the ayurvedic medical specialty are commercially are been generated in market for the utilizations. Hence it can be said that Syzygium cumini clasp all the characteristics which make it a powerful curable of disease. In future where new development is taking a measure in front this would be turn out a long term good medicine. Decision Therefore the function of Syzygium cumini is good defined and the advantageous of it are besides been discussed in this reappraisal article. This reappraisal article was chiefly done in order to acquire an thought what Syzygium cumini works is capable away. Its characters, components and the function of assorted chemical nowadays in it. Hence it all in one curable expression of disease.

Strategic People Resourcing Essay Example

Strategic People Resourcing Essay Example Strategic People Resourcing Essay Strategic People Resourcing Essay People resourcing or human resources can be defined as the ‘available talents of energies of people who are available to an organization as potential contributors to the creation and realization of the organization’s mission vision, strategy and goals’ (Jackson of Schuler, 2000, p 37). Schuler and Jackson (1999, p 52) defined Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM) as ‘the pattern of planned human resource development and activities intended to enable an organization to achieve its goals’  Ã‚   Armstrong and Baroon (2002, p 41) defined SHRM as ‘a general approach to the strategic management of human resources in accordance with the intentions of the organization on the future direction it wants to take.   It is concerned with longer term people issues as part of the strategic management processes of the business’. We can say therefore that SHRM is trying to look at the long term management of people and how it mergers with business strategy.   There are two theories used in human resource management.   These are the Michigan approach; also know as the ‘hard’ approach and the Harvard approach also known as the ‘soft’ approach. The Michigan model sees employees as resources and in the same way, as any other resources.   It further elaborates that hence human resource should be ;obtained as cheaply as possible, used sparingly and developed and exploited as much as possible’. The Harvard model sees employees as resources that are fundamentally different from other resources so have to be managed differently. As a result of this the Harvard approach outlined that the following areas should be included in a HR policy. These are the HR flow (recruitment, selection to termination), reward systems, employee influence (levels of authority and responsibility) and la stly work systems (work definitions and design) (Colbert, 2004). Today, HR is seen or recognized as a competitive advantage to the business.   This shows that the strengths of weaknesses of a company’s HR dept can affect business continuity. It has thus become a strategic resource that needs to be incorporated in the business strategic plan. Handling people is a very sensitive job as people are complex resources.   No mathematical formula can be applied to them so as to come up with the best solution to handle them, the way we do with other resources. People are also a resource that cannot be eliminated or substituted with another resource and if handled wrong, they can adversely affect business continuity.   According to Jackson of Schuler (2000 p 37) human resource is †the available talents of energies of people who are available to the organization as potential contributors to the creation of realization of the organization mission, vision, strategy of goals†.   Today most human resources departments follow Theory Y. Managers have realized that HR is not just handling individuals but it needs to go strategic and incorporate business objectives into its functions. Due to this, HR departments are now bigger and have more duties to carry out.   They have to incorporate more issues in their everyday activities and hence have faced challenges. HR departments have to now be sensitive about environmental issues as well as internal issues faced by the business. Some of these challenges that HR departments now face include employee career and self development, change management, coaching and mentoring, motivation and staff retention, performance management, recruiting and staffing, team building among many others.   The HR department has to find a way of incorporating all these issues so that they best enhance business continuity. Recruitment of the best in the market and their retention has become a major challenge in HR departments today. Organization would like to recruit the best possible employees who will contribute greatly to the organization goals and increase its success.   To attract good staff, the human resource department must have for example, good reward schemes that can attract the extremely talented people.   The firm should ensure that it has a fairly attractive package when compared to its competitors.   The aim of the department should be how to recruit the best staff especially in its core areas of business. Another challenge is employee turnover and retention. When too many employees leave a firm, word goes out and potential employees get a negative attitude towards the company.   Even current employees get de-motivated and start looking for new jobs.   For the firm’s best interests, the human resource department should try and prevent this by conducting job-leaving interviews to find out why the person is leaving (Priem Butler, 2001) and also having current employees do reviews on the firm in general working conditions.   Employee turnover is a symptom and not a problem. To keep employees one has to motivate them, and make them feel that working for this particular firm, is the best thing ever. Employees leave because of various reasons. These include poor or no motivation, lack of promoted or recognition, poor employee-manager relationships among others.   Research shows that 70% of workers apply for jobs during office hours (Nankervis, Compton McCarthy, 1999). This shows that employees are not only using company resources ineffectively but are also not happy where they are. McClelland interviewed a group of engineers and clerical staff and asked them when they felt they had achieved job satisfaction. Their results brought him to the conclusion that workers have three types of motivational needs i.e. motivation to achieve, motivation for authority and motivation for recognition (Schein Bennis 1965). McClelland theory is critised as critics say it can not be applied to non-professional groups and also that some of its wordings like ‘job satisfaction’ are debatable. Worker retention schemes include having a well structured organization chart where one is rewarded both monetary and also by position or promotion.   An employee should know which level he is currently are and where they should aim to get to or promoted to.   This motivates them and gives them a sense of purpose and recognition.   An advantage of this method is that is makes the promotion method straightforward and easy to implement and adopt. It also very open and cases of unfair promotion are minimized. It also provides systematic promotion and one cannot be promoted two places higher in the hierarchy. They have a follow the organization chart hierarchy. A disadvantage is the case where a very talented employee has to wait many months for promotion hence his talents are getting wasted and his motivation level dwindling (Schuler Jackson, 1987). Another way to retain employees is to make them engage in decision making.   This makes them feel a part of the organization and this helps incorporate their views into the company. This is a way of practicing participatory leadership where decisions are reached as a team and not as orders from above. A good firm is one that allows its employees to engage in various projects voluntarily like new product development, customer enhancement projects and many such others, This way an employee can contribute engage in corporate goals in a way he or she feels they are best suited. Advantages of this method include that the worker feels important and recognized. Also the firm gets to benefit from diverse ideas hence gets to implement the best of them. Disadvantages include too much time is wasted making a decision. Should it have been a one person decision it would have been made faster. Quality of decision can be wanting as the employees who came up with it may just be too incapable of m aking such a decision. Training is another way to retain employees. When a worker’s academic welfare is taken care of, he tends to concentrate on his work and look for ways to get promoted within the company.   Advantages of this method are that the firm gets highly skilled staff Secondly, the worker becomes highly motivated. Coaching and mentoring is another way to retain workers.   Although senior management has access to professional coaching, staff in lower levels often have to coach and mentor themselves. This is sad because the senior management should act as the role models of the junior staff and this ensures that there is more top-down communication taking place in the organization and everyone is involved. The aim of mentoring according to Milkovich Boudreau (1991, p49) is to ‘enhance the work commitment, attitudes of employees’ and this brings about the sense of belonging in the organization. Advantages include that this technique brings about enhancement of team work, a feeling of belonging and increases loyalty of the employee to the organization. Another challenge of the human resource department is how to monitor performance and enhance it. Time is money thus organizations have to ensure that employees input the most during working hours. Performance management is very vital and an organization should ensure it has policies that do this. The performance management should be people friendly and hence not make employees feel like they are being scrutinized or over-watched.   Nobody likes being judged and even managers may find appraisals a threat to their subordinates’ loyalty.   All in all ensure your performance monitoring brings about employee skill development and organization improvement for it to be termed as successful. Downsizing is never a pleasant thing both to the employee and employer.   However, sometimes down sizing is vital as it can be an organizational only hope for survival but it should be used sparingly. Downsizing should be done with care and professionalism as it can destroy an organization. Another thing to look out for is to ensure that the firm’s intellectual capacity is not affected. Also, downsizing should never be put down as an achievement in managerial reports. To avoid litigation, downsizing should be given to the legal department to handle.   Above all, firms should learn to downsize with dignity so as to preserve their corporate image. Handling of employee terminations can lead to several law suits against the firm.   Terminations are highly sensitive issues and should be handled with care and very sensitively.   Whatever the cause of termination, be it firing or downsizing, it should be done in a professional manner and making sure very few wounds are created.   Management should handle down sizing as a project where all details are documented.   Have an interview with all to be dismissed and explain to them the reasons for dismissal.   Answer all questions they ask even irrational ones and let the one who is handling them be a professional who can answer difficult questions. Also the firm should take necessary precautions like changing security codes or passwords to computers and sensitive company documents.   Downsizing also affects current employees. It is essential that the firm also hold meetings with current employees to re-assure them that they should not get demoralized as no additional lay off s are warranted soon.   Assure them that the previous down sizing was warranted.   As of the legal implications, make sure that the terminations conform to the company regulations and that the proper procedure has been carried out.   Engage the services of the legal advisor of the company and let him approve that all is well. Another challenge that is often faced by the people resourcing departments face is the issue of globalization.   A firm is finding it has various branches world wide.   Each country has different laws thus it becomes increasingly difficult to have a harmonized or standardized human resource policy.   The human resource is part of traditional management functions we learn about in management classes.   Even though each company appoints a human resource manager, reality dictates that all managers should act as resourcing managers as they are handling people. Other issues are outsourcing.   This is the recruitment of another firm to perform some company work.   Some of these recruited companies do not have an acceptable human resource policy and instead engages in sweat shop technique of enslaving the employee and keeping all the profits.   Associating with such firms gives the company a bad reputation and thus affect company image. New concepts are being incorporated in the way firms are now doing business. Foer example, job design is changing and firms should ensure they integrate these new techniques of job design into their firm.   Today, people are not necessarily coming into the office but are working from their homess of such companies include many multi nationals where employees like the sales team, log on remotely and update their records on sales made for the day.   They only visit the office should need arise. With the onset of technologies like video conferencing, meetings can now take place across borders or seas.   Company branches world wide can take part in a meeting without ever leaving their countries.   This is shown like in BBC where the head office in London holds video conferences with journalists the world over.   Flexible working hours have also to be tolerated today because the world has become a global village and a twenty four hour market place.   Business is today conducted twenty four hours a day either through the internet or via shops located around the world.   A company has to thus structure its hours to fit into this concept.   The human resources department should be able to negotiate with it employees to see who can work which hours and thus make everyone happy to work their shift. With all that has been said, we can thus come up with the best human resources theory to follow.   The Harvard theory of treating employees differently from other resources in the organization.   Employees are not materials bur humans who can reason thus judge the way they are treated.   Other resources are not alive, and hence are useless unless put to use by the human resource.   Other resources can be substituted but not the human resource.   This shows that the human   resource,   should be treated differently and very cautiously as their performance affects the overall performance of the organization. Trying to see how the human resource can fit in with the long term goals of the company is the way forward for all people resourcing departments. Conflicts have arisen as to how to fit HR with strategic goals of the firm.   Does one create HR polices that fit business strategies or ones that correspond to the firm’s life cycle (Colbert, 2004). In conclusion, the HR departments should remember that their focus or goals have changed.   HR is no longer about serving people individually but about using people to achieve the firm’s strategic objectives (Priem Butler, 2001). Strategic human resource management is about achieving organizational excellence and continuity hence human resource management, should be viewed as a source of competitive advantage and hence handled seriously.

Challenges That the Company Faces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Challenges That the Company Faces - Essay Example This study stresses that  the company believes in innovating new types of products and services. Apple sells its products and services in different parts of the world. The company deals in electronic equipment industry. It is one of the strongest players in this industry. As per market capitalization Apple Inc became largest public trading company in 2014. In the electronic equipment industry new products and services are continuously developing. The companies in this industry use advanced technologies for developing innovative products. Apple wants to provide best experience to its customers by incorporating modern technology in its business and products.From this discussion it is clear that  Apple uses MR and MC for deciding the amount of goods it requires to produce. When the company thinks that MR is greater than MC then it produces one extra unit of output for getting additional revenue at a lower cost. But if the additional unit incurs more cost than the revenue it generate s, then the company prefers not to produce the extra unit of output (Hoag & Hoag, 2006). This condition arises when MR is less than MC. When MR=MC the company feels satisfied because at that stage it earns maximum amount of profit. This basic rule of profit maximization is followed by Apple. This profit maximization theory helps the firm in creating its strong position in the monopolistic market.  Apple Inc operates its business in different parts of the world and in various markets.

Critical analysis of PSED (key person role-adult child relationship)in Essay

Critical analysis of PSED (key person role-adult child relationship)in an educational setting(UK), drawing on your observations and published research.(we have to create name and title)see my attachments - Essay Example the socio-economic characteristics and other cultural aspects affecting the personal, social and emotional development of children in their early years. The theory and practice will be linked based on the observations made. The importance of a key worker is the nursery setting will also be revealed. Eventually the integration of PSED into the early years of children as well as the role of the key workers will be explained and further expounded on. PSED plays an important role in the education system and as such should be applied in the early years. PSED is important for enhancing a caring community where students and their educators can interact respectably and further educating children about emotional literacy. This form of development is also crucial for facilitating social understanding and encouraging responsibility in students both in their education and their social interactions (Broadhead 2010, pg. 19). PSED also enables individuals to empathize with others and thus encouraging perspective-taking which is important in learning major life skills such as critical thinking and creative thinking. The early years are crucial for children in relation to their personal, social and emotional development. Based on research carried out recently, it is evident that the development of children in their early years personally, socially and emotionally plays a major role in influencing academic preparedness particularly in the early years of development. It has also been noted that the socio-emotional competence of children has an impact on their educational success. The socio-emotional knowledge influences the child’s success in their early years by improving their academic performance both in their early life and their lifelong learning. Making children aware of their emotions and training them on their planning skills ensures that the children have lower risks of being aggressive or having any anxiety disorders. Different educational centres have varying PSED

Engagement Strategies Are Desirable For Organizations And Employees Essay

Engagement Strategies Are Desirable For Organizations And Employees - Essay Example The engagement strategies imply the creation of opportunities for employees to have a connection with their colleagues, managers and the wider organization. It involves the creation of an environment where employees are motivated to want to connect with their work and really care about doing a good job (Macleod, 2009, p. 9). Macleod (2009, p. 9), continues to say that engagement is a concept that places flexibility, change and continuous improvement at the heart of what it means to be an employee and an employer, especially in a twenty-first-century workplace. According to Dulham, Knight & Locke (1997, p.210) and Bratton& Gold (2007), the process of engagement is an active one that involves active participation by both parties in a certain undertaking. It is a process where different parties feel compelled by their own motivation to either participate partially or fully towards the attainment of certain general objectives. Clarke (1996, p. 190) states that employee engagement describ es the actual involvement of people at all levels in positive two-way dialogue and action to deliver the highest quality services and create great places to work – where people find their work meaningful and are willing to work together for clients, their colleagues and the future success of their organization. A typical case study drawn from the MacLeod report (2003) shows that a company, Tower Perrins-ISR conducted a survey globally in 2006. Opinions of more than 664,000 employees in 50 companies were analyzed.... It involves the creation of an environment where employees are motivated to want to connect with their work and really care about doing a good job (Macleod, 2009, p. 9). Macleod (2009, p. 9), continues to say that engagement is a concept that places flexibility, change and continuous improvement at the heart of what it means to be an employee and an employer especially in a twenty-first century workplace. According to Dulham, Knight & Locke (1997, p.210) and Bratton& Gold (2007), the process of engagement is an active one that involves active participation by both parties in a certain undertaking. It is a process where different parties feel compelled by their own motivation to either participate partially or fully towards the attainment of certain general objectives. Clarke (1996, p. 190) states that employee engagement describes the actual involvement of people at all levels in positive two-way dialogue and action to deliver the highest quality services and create great places to w ork – where people find their work meaningful and are willing to work together for clients, their colleagues and the future success of their organization. According to CIPD, engagement occurs on two levels, that is the Emotional engagement which implies the emotional attachment that that the employees have to one or more aspects of their work a and transactional engagement which relates to happiness to exhibit the behaviour of engagement but void of commitment to the job or the organisation and willingness to leave if a better offer appears elsewhere (Torrington, et al 2011). A typical case study drawn from the MacLeod report (2003) shows that a company, Tower Perrins-ISR conducted a survey globally in 2006. Opinions of more than

Importance of Social Responsibility Disclosure

Importance of Social Responsibility Disclosure 1.0 Introduction Though some of the country around the world is rich in resources, but there are still have a possibility that ran out of the resources. Beside that, there are also a large number of countries around the earth that lack of resources. Because of this, as a people living in this earth, we should protect the resources from exhaust. We should not be so selfish and should cherish the resources, so that other people could also enjoy use of the resource. As a big community, we should not think ourselves interest only, we should also think for others. Think that everyone can has a chance to use the resources and also how to value the resources so that others have a chance to use it. We can start doing social responsibility to ensure that the limited resources are not run to waste. As an opening of this introduction, we begin by defining social responsibility. Social responsibility can be defined as a theory from the perspective or ideological whereby a specific entity, being the person, organization, government, corporation, non-profit organization and etc., has a responsibility to make good decision and take sustainable action that will develop benefit of the society and enhance the welfare and interests of the public. In another meaning, we also can define social responsibility as whatever a specific entity done, the intention is to improve the welfare or the interest of the society. Although it is not mandatory for the entity to accomplish social responsibility, but the entity should also has some conscience. In addition to protect their own benefit, the entity should also concern the society’s welfare and interests. In the beginning of the introduction, we have defining the social responsibility. Now we will look on what is corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility is the social responsibility that implements by an organization. Corporate social responsibility is about how a company using their own knowledge intelligently to earn profit for the company beside that still can protect the interest of society. They are not only being concerned with their own benefit, but they also concern with the interest and welfare of the society. Corporate social responsibility also gives a picture of how a company supervises their business processes to generate an overall positive impact to public. The initiation of corporate social responsibility involves several issues that related to company’s concern behavior in its social atmosphere except the company’s economic sphere which the company traditionally associates with. To implement corporate social responsibility, the organization must take in mind of the society welfare in beside to fulfill its own benefit in doing the business. The organization should not be self-interested in consider that the interest of the organization is their main objective. They should not think that increase stock price and short-run profit is the most important thing to the company. Service the society also an important objective and it is as important as the profit of the company. The company also should concern with the society ethically other than earning profit and increase stock price. The company’s stakeholders are not only the shareholders and investors, but also include the employees, customers, government, communities, suppliers, and special-interest group. So the company should also concern other stakeholder’s interest and what they are desired for. Commonly, the company using their own policy as a built-in, self-legalize instrument which incorporate into their business model to monitor the business processes and activities, so that their business obedience to the law and regulation, ethical standard, and international norms. It also ensures that the company not only pays attention to their profit and stock price but also the interest and welfare of the society. Implement social responsibility not only bring benefit to the society, but also give benefit to the company. Because implement social responsibility can add value for the positive image of the company. Public listed companies in Malaysia nowadays are required by Bursa Malaysia to disclose their social responsibility in their annual report. They can built their own corporate social responsibility report or refer to Bursa Malaysia’s corporate social responsibility framework. The report is not mandatory to follow, it is just a reference. When operate in businesses, there are several main areas that firms should concern and responsible for. It is because the businesses will give some impact on these main areas. According to Vinsign website, there are six main areas of social responsibility, which is community and environment, the employees, governments, consumers, providers of finance and other organizations or groups. For example, the firm should concern about environmental issue, such as rainforests disappearing and they can take action by reducing using paper or do not waste any paper when doing businesses or help the government to plant more trees. For employees’ issues, they should treat every employee fairly and should concern about their safety during work, welfare, training and development. Corporate social responsibility disclosure discloses information on what the firms have done for the sake of the community. It also shows the disclosure of firms’ action on what they have been contribute to the welfare of the society and what they will do in the future for the welfare and interest of the society. Usually the disclosure is disclosed in a social responsibility report and publishes in company’s website or annual report of public listed companies. For public listed company in Malaysia, Bursa Malaysia has ruled them to disclose their social responsibility disclosure in their annual report. It is mandatory for them to disclose in annual report recently and most of them comply with the rule to create a good image to the society and government. Corporate social responsibility disclosure is very important to company’s stakeholder. The stakeholders of the company always take note to the disclosure because the disclosure shows what the company plan to do and have done for the welfare of the society. A recently report shows that most of the investors are invest in firms that have involve greatly in social responsibility. With actively involve in the activities of social responsibility, the company can increase their positive image emerge to the society. It can bring advantage to the companies with having increasing number of investors invest in the company and attract more supplier cooperates with them. Some companies disclose their social responsibility voluntarily. According to â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure in Malaysia† written by several author, companies are disclosing their social information for various reasons. The reasons can be classified into three broad categories, which is pressure from the government and market, enhancing corporate image, and top management awareness. Companies also disclosing their social information because of they think that they should informing the public what they have done for the public and will done for the sake of the public. Before companies release the social responsibility disclosure in their report, they have to think about the question of how much information should they publish in the report, how much information are enough to the viewer of the report and which information are useful to the viewer of the report. It is very important for the companies to think about the questions because the interest groups are based on the information to make certain important decision making. Different groups of stakeholder look for different type of social responsibility information. For example, employees and future employees of a company are more concerned with human resource issues in the social responsibility report. The public and government are more concerned on philanthropic issues in the report. The quantities of the information are not regarded as important, qualities of the information disclosed by companies are more think greatly of to the stakeholders. In spite of quantities of the information disclosed, useless information disclose to stakeholder will not help them in certain decision making. According to â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure in Malaysia† written by several author, companies in Malaysia are more concern in human resources issues. Useless or unclear social responsibility information will lead to some problems, such as damage companies’ image, penalties from government and dissatisfied of stakeholders. When this situation happens, the company may lose their intellectual capital and most of the investor decides not to invest in the company since the company cannot fulfill their expectation for the information from the report. Large firm in this research mainly refer to public companies listed in Bursa Malaysia. Bursa Malaysia has built a corporate social responsibility framework for the public company as reference which has mentioned earlier in this research. According to Bursa Malaysia website, it mainly focuses on four main areas, which is environment, community, marketplace, and workplace. Bursa Malaysia encourages public listed companies to involve in corporate social responsibility and disclose it in annual report. Why public listed company been encourages to involve in corporate social responsibility? According to Bursa Malaysia, they believe that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is key to sustainability. Bursa Malaysia say that â€Å"sustainability is a process and it is a business approach used to create long term value by seizing the opportunities and managing risks that emerge from the economic, environmental and social developments†. For example, by protecting the environment, it can help in conserve the natural scarce resources from being destroy or no need to confront with the situation of some resources become extinct. This can help the company to use the natural resources everlasting and the next generation also can enjoy it. Social responsibility involvement are very important to the public listed company and also others small and medium company in Malaysia. It is because social responsibility involvement can help increase competitive advantage of the company compare to others company in same sector. Involve in social responsibility activities can also improve the relationship between the company and the society. Other than become distinctive compare to other company and enhance the relationship with the society, social responsibility activities also can increase public image of the company, increase the stock price of the company, and can help to solve problems that the community faces. Involving in social responsibility activities bring a lot of advantages to company but still many companies are not willing to involve in social responsibility activities and disclose it. It is mainly because most of the companies think that social responsibility is not so important to them, profit of the company are their priority. Unfamiliar with what information to disclose are also one of the reason they rarely involve in social responsibility activities. Most of the companies are not sure which information is important to stakeholders although the company involves in social responsibility activities. 1.1 Problem Statement The problem in corporate social responsibility is that not every public listed company in Malaysia is sincere in voluntary involves in social responsibility. As a large company which listed on Bursa Malaysia, the company is required by Bursa Malaysia to disclose corporate social responsibility in their annual report in recently year. Some of the small company even didn’t implement social responsibility because of the company thinks it is not their obligation to implement it and for small firm, social responsibility disclosure are not mandatory. They are not aware of the advantages that the social responsibility brings to them and importance of the social responsibility information to the society. Some of the company didn’t disclose social responsibility because of they not sure what to disclose and how much information should disclose. Even though some companies have made the respective disclosure, the information they disclose may be irrelevant and as the result it is not useful to the stakeholders. 1.2 Objective The objective of this research is to find out the important of the social responsibility and social responsibility disclosure to different sector among public listed companies. This can understand through the involvement of the public listed company in the social responsibility and their key disclosure areas. The study aims to study how different of industries disclose their social responsibility activities and further to evaluate their awareness to the social responsibility. It also aims to study how willing are the public listed company disclose their social responsibility activities to the society without conceal anything from the society. The higher the willingness that company discloses their social responsibility information, the more the information that company will disclose. Not merely disclose what the company plan to do in the future, but also what the company have done that achieve from previous year social responsibility activities planning. Another objective is to find out the relationship between size of firm and the extent of corporate social responsibility practices. This study is to see whether it is the truth that the larger the firm is, the greater the involvement of the firm in the social responsibility. Whether it is only large firm will involve in social responsibility and disclose it out to the stakeholders or not. 1.3 Contribution The contribution of this research is to increase the number of companies and the willingness of companies to participate in social responsibility practices. From this research, the company will find out the importance of involvement in social responsibility activities and advantages that social responsibility activities bring to them. So that, the public listed company is more wiling to involve in social responsibility activities and disclose the information to its stakeholder. Beside that, the public also can see how corporate social responsibility will improve their living and enhance their welfare and interest. The community will more appreciate what the company has done for them and then will have more and more investor wiling to invest in the company. 1.4 Conclusion In conclusion, corporate social responsibility is about how you should as a corporation. Although, corporate social responsibility in nowadays is still not much concern by the public listed company, but in the future they will identify the importance of social responsibility. From this awareness, the company is more willing to involve in social responsibility activities and disclose the information to the society. From the advantage that the community receives from the social responsibility, they will become more concern with the issue of the social responsibility. Thus, the community acts as a watchdog to concentrate on what the public listed company plan to do and what they have done for the welfare of the society. The company views the community as an important stakeholder, so the company is more willing to improve the community’s living. Community can survive without business but business cannot exist without community. Chapter 2 Background of Study Securities Commission Malaysia (SC) was established on 1 March 1993 under the Securities Commission Act 1993, the Securities Commission is a self-funding statutory body with investigative and enforcement powers. It reports to the Minister of Finance and its accounts are tabled in Parliament annually. The SCs many regulatory functions include: Supervising exchanges, clearing houses and central depositories; Registering authority for prospectuses of corporations other than unlisted recreational clubs; Approving authority for corporate bond issues; Regulating all matters relating to securities and futures contracts; Regulating the take-over and mergers of companies Regulating all matters relating to unit trust schemes; Licensing and supervising all licensed persons; Encouraging self-regulation; and Ensuring proper conduct of market institutions and licensed persons. Underpinning all these functions is the SCs ultimate responsibility of protecting the investor. Apart from discharging its regulatory functions, the SC is also obliged by statute to encourage and promote the development of the securities and futures markets in Malaysia. Bursa Malaysia is an exchange holding company approved under Section 15 of the Capital Markets and Services Act 2007, which is regulate by Securities Commission Malaysia. It operates a fully-integrated exchange, offering the complete range of exchange-related services including trading, clearing, settlement and depository services. Bursa Malaysia today is one of the largest bourses in Asia with just under 1,000 listed companies offering a wide range of investment choices to the world. Companies are either listed on Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad Main Market or ACE Market. In assisting the development of the Malaysian capital market and enhancing global competitiveness, Bursa Malaysia is committed to maintaining an efficient, secure and active trading market for local and global investors. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a central management concern at Bursa Malaysia. For Bursa Malaysia, CSR means integrating open and transparent business practices into our business operations which are based on ethical values and respect for employees, communities and the environment. The way they do business is designed to deliver sustainable value to the society at large and to all stakeholders, including their shareholders. On 5 September 2006, Bursa Malaysia launched a CSR Framework as a guide for Public Listed Companiess in implementing and reporting on CSR. The Bursa Malaysia CSR Framework looks at four main focal areas for CSR practise – the Environment, the Workplace, the Community and the Marketplace, in no order of priority. With effect from 31 December 2007, all public listed companies are required to disclose their CSR activities or practices (and of their subsidiaries) and if there are none, a statement to that effect. Listing Requirements (Appendix 9c, Part A (29)). Listing Requirements (Appendix 9c, Part A (29)) is about description of the corporate social responsibility activities or practices undertaken by the listed issuer and its subsidiaries or if there are none, a statement to that effect. Failure to comply with any of these Requirements will amount to a breach in respect of which actions may be taken or penalties may be imposed or both. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Framework for Malaysian Public Listed Companies The Bursa Malaysia CSR Framework is in fact a framework, and not a template. This framework does not tell the whole story of CSR and neither does it have all answers. It is a bit like running shoes: One size does not fit all. The CSR Framework is basically a set of guidelines for Malaysian Public Listed Companies (PLCs) to help them in the practice of CSR. As the Prime Minister mentioned in the 2006 budget speech, from now on, all PLCs are required to disclose their CSR activities. Some PLCs may be doing corporate social responsibility even without realising it. The directive from the Prime Minister is really an opportunity for logical thinking about CSR. It is meant to encourage Malaysian PLCs to become more engaged in being socially responsible, and to make the way they approach the process of CSR, part of the way they normally work and think. According to Bursa Malaysia, CSR means it is not about how a firm spends money, but about how the firm makes money. CSR is defined as open and transparent business practices that are based on ethical values and respect for the community, employees, the environment, shareholders and other stakeholders. It is designed to deliver sustainable value to society at large. There is no universal approach to CSR. Companies are free to adopt what suits them. CSR is not about compliance or philanthropy or public relations. It often involves cultural transformation in a company as it integrates CSR concepts into its operations and decision making. Vitally, CSR involves communicating the company’s actions to its stakeholders and encouraging their feedback. The Bursa Malaysia CSR Framework looks at 4 main focal areas for CSR practice. They are: the Environment, the Workplace, the Community and the Marketplace, in no order of priority. The Environment When looking at the environment, CSR can focus on a variety of issues. Most of the people worry about energy, how to use it more efficiently and how to reduce the way its emissions damage the climate. Here in Malaysia, bio fuels have become a topical issue. There are other aspects as well. Companies live amongst some of the richest biodiversity in the world. Protecting the flora and fauna is essential. The Community Companies live within the community. They depend on the community in many ways and the community depends on them. Supporting employee involvement in community issues enriches the community and the company. Supporting education, such as adopting a school, is another possible activity. Companies can be creative in looking at how they can contribute to children, youth development and the under-privileged. The opportunities for company interaction with the community are vast. The Marketplace The Marketplace is where companies find important stakeholders – their shareholders, suppliers, and customers. Companies can interact responsibly with this group in a number of ways, such as supporting green products or engaging in only ethical procurement practices. Helping to develop suppliers and other vendors is another way of contributing. Raising the standards of Corporate Governance within the company so that it meets shareholder expectations is a further consideration. The Workplace Companies draw their employees from society and so everything they do with their staff needs to be socially responsible, whether they are dealing with basic human rights or gender issues. A quality work environment and health safety are obvious considerations, as is the way in which, if companies believe in CSR, they inculcate in their employees, the values which the company holds dear. Ideally, companies should consider all 4 CSR dimensions when crafting their own visions. But that does not mean a company must do everything. For some companies there will be focal areas or initiatives that do not apply. The important thing is that the company uses the framework to help it identify its choices and priorities. Individual CSR initiatives will depend on the nature of each company’s business, its inclinations, and its resources. However, sometimes a company will adopt initiatives that may even have indirect impacts. Like most PLCs, Bursa Malaysia is exploring the framework to see what suits companies best as an exchange. 3.0 Introduction There are some different points of view of the corporate social responsibility definition from several parties. Corporate social responsibility is defined as the duty of the organisation to respect individuals’ rights and promote human welfare in its operations (Manakkalathil and Rudolf, 1995; Oppewal et al., 2006). According to Carrol (2000a), businesses not only have the economic responsibility of being profitable and the legal responsibility to follow the laws or ground rules that guide their ability to achieve their economic requirements, but they also have ethical responsibilities that include a range of societal norms or standards. From this two definition, it can see that individuals’ rights and human welfare is more important than profit earning and organization is try to balance them, so that the interest of public did not deprive. Malaysian Government’s point of view by our Prime Minister, Dato’ Sri Najib Tun Abdul Razak in a corporate social responsibility conference held in June 2003 at PWTC, Kuala Lumpur referred to corporate social responsibility as â€Å"a concept whereby corporation integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and their interactions with stakeholders on a voluntary basis†. It is a process of providing information which does not have purely financial implications designed to discharge social accountability. Companies should recognize their corporate social responsibilities not only to their shareholders but also to the society they operate in. This sustainability concept calls for a company to operate in a responsible manner that takes full account of their business impact on the environment, people and the community. Corporate social responsibility can also be defined as the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large (World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 1999). In general, CSR embraces all organizational activities relating to the organization and society. These may include employees support (safety, job security, profit sharing, employee participation, treating employees fairly and equitably etc.), community support (activity involved in education, health and housing related supportive activities, philanthropic activities), product/services support (product/service quality, product safety, delivery, research and development etc.), and environmental support such as; sustaining the eco-friendly environment, producing environmentally friendly products, waste management, recycling etc. (Staples, 2004; and Sen a nd Bhattacharya, 2001). In the last decade Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an issue that has increasingly attracted attention from the business, political, and public spheres (Brammer, and Palevin, 2004). In emerging capital markets, such as Malaysia, this issue also tends to be a strategic issue for public listed companies. Malaysian firms incorporate CSR into their corporate governance agenda to become good corporate citizens in the Malaysian capital market. They also seek to increase the pool of enhancement in the recognition and profile of corporate domestic firms who can gain better recognition from the perspective of international and local investors. Furthermore, the push towards better CSR practices is also important to be consistent with the overall national agenda, particularly in achieving Vision 2020, meeting the objective of the National Integrity Plan and as a tool for generating greater economic and capital market growth (Corporate Governance, 2004). Tay Kay Luan (2005a), cited the Malaysian government’s stand on CSR issues is that all organisations in the country should take account of the economic, social and environmental impacts of their activities, and should be encouraged to act and address the key challenges which arise from these impacts on their core competencies. Moreover, the government is taking stand that the existing legal framework and regulations are sufficient to improve corporate behaviour. Gray et al. (1987) define social reporting as â€Å"†¦ †¦the process of communicating the social and environmental effects of organisations’ economic actions to particular interest groups within society and to society at large. As such, it involves extending the accountability of organizations (particularly companies), beyond the traditional role of providing a financial account to the owners of capital, in particular, shareholders. Such an extension is predicted upon the assumption that companies do have wider responsibilities than simply to make money for their shareholders†. Chan (2002), Godfrey et al. (2000), and Gray et al. (1996) describe corporate social disclosure as voluntary reporting of social and environmental information relating to an organisation’s interaction with its community, shareholders, physical and social environment to outsiders through corporate annual reports. Although the disclosure is based on corporate’s voluntary, but it as been motivated to disclose in recent year. According to Godfrey et al. (2006), corporate social responsibility is motivated by legal regulation, management accountability and shareholder activism. Voluntary corporate social disclosure gives information to the public regarding a company’s activities that relates to the community. Companies that operate in a developed world have moved to include sections on social issues within their annual reports. These sections give information on their responsibility towards reducing hazardous impacts on the environment, improving waste management, showing compliance with Environmental Quality Regulation 1989, better efforts to protecting their employees and other social issues affecting the public. The disclosures were towards an increasing trend. However the level of disclosures itself are still low. (Teoh Thong,1984; Foo Tan,1988;Ho,1990 and Shireenjit Zuaini 1 998). The Malaysian government’s incentive to further promote corporate social responsibility (CSR) among public listed companies (PLC) is very encouraging in Malaysia. The honorable Dato’ Seri Najib Tun Razak, Prime Minister of Malaysia, in his keynote speech at the Corporate Social Responsibility Conference on 21 June 2004 had made it clear that CSR helps improve financial performance, enhance brand image and increases the ability to attract and retain the best workplace, contributing to the market value of the company. The growth of public awareness about CSR has put pressure on corporations, profession and governments to increase the amount of social information in corporate reports. More recently, in the 2007 budget speech, the Malaysian Former Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi has stressed the importance of corporate social responsibility reporting by requiring companies to disclose their CSR activities in the annual report. Corporate social reporting is one approach how companies published or disclosed their corporate social responsibility activities. One way to reduce the gaps between company and its stakeholders is by reporting the activities to the stakeholders or through additional disclosure. Teoh and Thong (1984) pointed out that the philosophy of the top management and legislation were the primary factors contributing to corporate social awareness in Malaysia. More recently, Malaysian executives and managers were found to have positive attitudes towards corporate social responsibility, although the extent of their involvement in corporate social responsibility is lower today than it was a decade ago (Abdul Rashid Ibrahim, 2002). Mohammad Jamil, Alwi, and Mohamed (2001) similarly found that CSR disclosure in Malaysia is generally low, especially with regards to fair business information. This also appears true for environmental information (ACCA, 2002). The level of CSR was again confirmed to be low in recent studies conducted by SRI (2003) and Ramasamy and Hung (2004). Since in Malaysia, corporate social responsibility is voluntary, the choice of social issues reveals the Government’s priority or the particular responsibility which companies have. Therefore by having corporate social responsibility, the company would have better reputation and this would increase its chances to secure contracts from the Government as it is seen as being socially responsible. Companies would be able to attract and retain good employees which would in turn benefit them financially in the long run. Corporate social responsibility may be able to strengthen stakeholder relations as reporting promotes corporate transparency and instills greater confidence and trust

Tennenbaum and Schmidt Reading Note Essay -- Business and Management S

Tennenbaum and Schmidt Reading Note Background knowledge †¢ In 1938, Lewin and Lippitt proposed classifications of leaders based on how much involvement leaders placed into task and relationship needs. This range of leadership behaviors was expressed along a continuum by Tannenbaum & Schmidt in 1973, ranging from boss-centered (task) to subordinate-centered (relationship). †¢ It is a simple model which shows the relationship between the level of freedom that a manager chooses to give to a team and the level of authority used by the manager. As you can see in the graph, the model allows more control to the managers in the begininning making the leadership style more autocratic, thus the subordinates have less or nothing to contribute in the discussion process. As u move towards the end, the subordinates gain more control, and in the end the leadership style is more â€Å"laissez faire† leadership, so the subordinates have much more control over their task. This also follows maslow’s heirarchy of motivation, as the subordinates gain responsibility, they work harder for the business. How does it make a good leadership model? †¢ As the team’s freedom is increased, so the manager’s authority decreases. This is a positive way for both the team and the manager to improve. †¢ When the manager needs less time to spend on the team, he will have more time to spend on other areas such as calculating budget, forecasting, calculate prof...

Violence in Public School

Your Name Instructor/Professor’s Name Course Date Violence In Public Schools Perhaps, one of the most pressing concerns affecting not only the educational sector, but the entire society, is the rising violence in schools. Indeed, there’s no question that school-related violence is one of the gravest threats that any government will have to face. In fact, the U. S. is just one of the dozens of countries plagued by this social ill. With easy access on guns and knives, schools—students and teachers, specifically—have been placed at a more precarious condition.Thus, it is no longer surprising if shooting spree, sexual assault, and stabbing incidents continue to headline the newspapers around the world. Such is the alarming rate of violence in what was once considered the haven of safety and sanctuary of morality that parents, students, and policymakers have to brave. In general, violence in U. S. schools, plus the government’s failure to prevent— let alone eliminate—even in the presence of new initiatives specifically intended for this purpose, has turned out a huge cause for concern that needs to be addressed no sooner than later.No student or teacher for this matter should ever suffer from violence inside the classroom, playground, school cafeteria, or even while on his way to or from school. But the truth does not speak of the same. As the rate of school violence continues to escalate year by year, so does the disruption of the learning process, degradation of the students’ and teachers’ morale, and the spread of fear not only in the school but in the community in general.Aside from the immediate negative impact, school violence could also give birth to youth violence, which could stem to more diverse concerns in criminality, peace and order, and public health and safety. In this paper, we will try to delve the degree of school violence and how dangerous it is not only to wither the integrity of the U . S. school system, but also to rock society as well. In the present condition where the government seems too powerless enough to put this social crisis to an end, it is safe to say that school violence is indeed a force to reckon, a substantial shaker that will definitely cause the failure of schools in general.Data Reveal the Alarming Rate of School Violence Numerous studies have been conducted to assess the real impact and the degree in which school violence has really affected the school system. Data from the US Department of Education show disturbing figures. Between 2003 and 2004, it was revealed that 1 out of 10 teachers in urban schools admitted receiving threats from students. Between 2005 and 2006, almost 40 percent of public schools had at least one case of school violence. In 2007, 23 percent of students admitted that gangs existed in their schools.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (series 4) reveals that according to the results of a nationwide survey in 20 07 among students from grades 9 to 12 show that almost 6 percent of students did bring guns, knives and other types of dangerous weapons inside the school. Furthermore, almost 8 percent of students were threatened, harassed, or injured by these weapons. Meanwhile, 12 percent of the respondent-students admitted that they had been involved in physical fights inside the school.A more disturbing note revealed that most than 22 percent of students sold, used, and were offered and given illegal drugs right inside the school. Nonfatal assaults are also rampant inside the school. The Department of Education reveals that in 2006, on a national level, 3 out of 100 students are actively participating in school-based crimes, which included rape, assault, and theft. Bullying is even a more serious cause for alarm. More than one-third of the entire student population had been victims of bullying, 4 percent of them being bullied online or through text messages.This stems to a more violent personal ity as bullied students have more chances of getting engaged into fights, psychological trauma and dropping out of school. Likewise, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (33-36) reveals that school violence-related deaths continue to escalate on a yearly basis. Although on an average rate, 1 out of 100 students die due to violence inside the school, still, such cases are too much to ignore, since NO death, especially violence-related must ever occur inside the campus. Since 2003, more than 115 students have been killed in almost 110 incidents.On a yearly basis, that translates to 17 students dying from homicide. Anderson et al (2695) reveals that school-associated violence and deaths occur â€Å"before and after the school day and during lunch,† while cases of violence are more likely to occur at the onset of the semester (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Violent, 657). Half of recorded homicide cases show that perpetrators actually reveal some sort of war ning signal before they attack their victims. These include making a threat or leaving a note before the crime occurs (Anderson et al, 2695).Risk Factors Leading to Violence in Schools School violence does not exist simply because they have to exist. There are numerous underlying factors that trigger the occurrence of numerous conditions that give rise to this case. In fact, experts, researchers and lawmakers agree that there is a deeper root that that gives life to these occurence. According to the Constitutional Rights Foundation, among the risk factors affecting school violence include: â€Å"weapons, media violence, cyber abuse, the impact of school, community, and family environments, personal alienation,† (crf-usa. rg) among others. Access to Weapons. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the rapid increase in the rate of gun accessibility among teens in the United States. As more teenagers owned guns, thus, the rise of gun deaths and injuries (crf-usa. org). A study condu cted by Bergstein et al (794-8) in Boston and Milwaukee shows that that 42 percent of students who responded revealed that â€Å"they could get a gun if they wanted, 28 percent have handled a gun without adult knowledge or supervision, and 17 percent have carried a concealed gun†¦. This claim was backed by data provided by the University of Southern California School of Medicine, which reports that around 35% of U. S. households with children 18 years old and below are reported to have owned at least one firearm, which â€Å"translates to more than 11 million children living in homes with firearms† (crf-usa. org). Furthermore, teens can also acquire handguns in illegal sales, as â€Å"American gun shows continue to be a venue for illegal activity, including unlicensed sales to prohibited individuals† (Bergstein et al, 794). Violence Caused by Media. The Constitutional Rights Foundations (crf-usa. rg ) reveals that an average American child will have witness 8,000 murders and 100,000 violent acts by time he reaches 7th grade. That’s because of television. Time and again, claims have been made and studies have been conducted to really test the truth behind the impact of television in inculcating wrong values to a child. According to the Anderson et al (81), â€Å"violent television and films, video games, and music reveals unequivocal evidence that media violence increases the likelihood of aggressive and violent behavior in both immediate and long-term contexts. Although certain characteristics exhibited by viewers, such as identification of aggressive characters), parental guidance and other social factors, as well as the content of the media could make or break the effect of media violence. These also count the the degree of aggression instilled in the viewer’s personality. Cyber Bullying. Anderson et al (83) write that high school students are more exposed to violence in video games, thus, they show â€Å"more pro-violent attitudes, had more hostile personalities, were less forgiving, believed violence to be more normal, and behaved more aggressively in their everyday lives. † However, Sherry (msu. du ) reasoned out that the â€Å"overall effect of these games on aggressiveness does not appear great† to warrant significant attention. School Environments. A survey conducted by the Children's Institute International revealed that more than half off teenage population living in rural, suburban, or urban areas all agree that schools are becoming more and more violent in the passing of time. School-based Gangs. The National Center for Educational Statistics, as quoted by the Center for Mental Health in Schools at UCLA (2), reveals that in 2005, â€Å"24 percent of students ages 12-18 reported that there were gangs at their schools. Nevertheless, no difference was observed with regards to reporting gang presence among rural and suburban students. Communities. Aside from the negligence in the school and in the home, communities also show neglect in children, which is another reason for hastened occurrence of school violence. Furthermore, a community’s unresponsive attitude â€Å"to the needs of families and their children [†¦could] develop into school violence [†¦given that] [a]fter-school and summer programs are not always available† (crf-usa. org). Family.The family, which should have been highly responsible in shaping a child’s mind to become upright and law-abiding, are also the one the blame of the deterioration of the values and attitudes among teenagers. As parents neglect their duty to rare their child with positive attitudes, â€Å"children may develop negative–and often violent–behavior patterns† (crf-usa. org). But more than providing room for negative values to grow, irresponsible and abusive households also impede a child’s growth and maturity. Thus, as observed, some of the most aggressive teenagers show signs of poor communication skills and low self-esteem.And since children have no parental role models to look up to, they would tend to focus their attention on popular culture, no matter how violent or aggressive it nature may be. The lack of support from the family and community therefore poses burden on schools, as it turns out that they are the only social institution left to â€Å"educate, shelter, and discipline children,† (crf-usa. org). Nevertheless, this task serves too tasking as â€Å"most schools have difficulty playing multiple roles as educators, surrogate parents, social service, or law-enforcement agencies†( crf-usa).Violence Is Becoming Widespread in Schools With all these research and information laid on the table, it is therefore too difficult to ignore the fact that school violence is bound to impair the country’s education system. Lack of funding and support from state and federal governments, plus neglect on the part of communities a nd families, eventually prove too much for educators to bear the task of educating, disciplining and imparting positive attitudes to students.Thus, it could be deduced that â€Å"violence and danger are constant companions for America's schoolchildren† (McClusky, cato. org) While state and federal documents reveal that school violence has been heading towards the slump since the advent of the 21st century, researchers believe that these information are misleading, as administrators and government officials are actually negligent and blind enough to make the problem known. Journalists are quick to point out the discrepancy of assessments. McClusky (cato. rg) revealed a Denver Post article that uncovered a widespread â€Å"under-reporting of violent incidents in Denver-area schools–under-reporting that occurred despite the presence of a state accountability system designed to identify dangerous schools. † What’s went wrong is the fact that in the entire Col orado, as well as well as in other states, a lot of schools tend to under-report violent incidents. Furthermore, Chicago Tribune in McClusky (cato. org) reported negligence on the part of law enforcers in Illinois to warn school districts whenever â€Å"convicted juvenile sex offenders enroll in their schools.Many failed to notify principals in the mistaken belief they were not permitted to alert them, when in fact they were required to do so† (cato. org). Another mistake on the part of the government is the poor process of collecting and gathering data, reveals Modzeleski in McClusky (cato. org). When the law regarding this issue was enacted in 2001, it was revealed that quite a good number of school districts have gathered sufficient data to provide accurate records regarding school violence, although there were also school districts who failed on this. Impact of Violence in Public SchoolsThere’s really no question that violence in schools have profound effect not ju st in the education system, but in the entire aspect of American life. As schools are disturbed by violence, the effect is felt by students through poor education, low self-esteem and other debilitating factors that could affect not only their professional career, but other facets of their lives, as well. â€Å"It is intuitively obvious and consistent with an ecological perspective that crime and violence in settings in which youth live and attend school pose a poor context for academic involvement and performance,† explains Bowen & Bowen (321).Indeed, violent and aggressive behavior displayed by students at school could mean poor academic performance, which could directly or indirectly hamper the teaching and learning process. Based on the observations made by Lochman, Lampron, Gemmer, & Harris (339), we can conclude therefore, that aggression and violence do not only hamper the individual’s academic performance, but the â€Å"negative impact [could also extend] on t he education of their classmates by diverting their teachers from teaching and reducing the amount of time students are engaged in learning† (339).In Garbarino & Abramowitz (17), we discovered that the â€Å"risks to development can come from both direct threats and the absence of opportunities for development. † Aside from classroom performance, the impact of school violence also reaches to the physical side. Pollack, in the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (cdc. gov), reveals that â€Å"a number of students seek medical care for nonfatal, violence-related injuries. Some of these injuries are relatively minor and include cuts, bruises, and broken bones.Other injuries, like gunshot wounds and head trauma, are more serious and can lead to permanent disability. † But injuries extend deeper, more than what the eye can see, actually. The Center for Disease Control (cdc. gov) reveals that constant exposure to violence not only in school, but also at home and in the neighborhood, could result to different negative health, psychological and even mental outcomes to a person. This could include depression and anxiety, which could trigger fear in going to school and other negative effects to an individual’s life.A 2007 survey by CDC (cdc. gov), shows that almost 6 percent of high school schools in the entire country nationwide did not go to school â€Å"on one or more of the 30 days before the survey† (cdc. gov) was conducted for fear of danger and harm â€Å"at school or on their way to or from school† (cdc. gov). Thus, for this reason, the rate of absences has risen from 1993 and 2005. Furthermore, Pollack (cdc. gov) revealed that around â€Å"160,000 students go home early on any given day because they are afraid of being bullied. † ConclusionAll the records are one and the same in revealing that violence in the school is indeed a cause for alarm for everyone. According to the Indiana State University (indiana. edu), the past fifteen years saw a distressing rate in the increasing of youth violence in schools. Worst, both the culprits and the victims are getting younger and younger. What is sad and disturbing about this situation is that school officials themselves show little interest in curbing the criminality within their campus. They either fail to record the incidence or are negligent nough to inform higher officials and law enforcers about this. Furthermore, law enforcers themselves seem half-hearted in waging an all-out campaign against school violence. Even state and federal governments seem not to care at all. That is why, it is pretty irritating to note that government officials are proud to hail that school violence has either stabilized or spiraled downwards, even if every day, televisions and new papers keep on trumpeting for what really is the truth—incidents of shooting, stabbing, robbery, or rape right within the school campus.Thus, we can really conclude that at thi s point, schools are not really safe. They are in fact, at their most dangerous—among the riskiest places, ever, for students and teachers be. As revealed by Indiana State University (indiana. edu): â€Å"National level data suggests that middle and high schools, especially larger schools, are more at-risk for serious violence. Moreover, students in urban schools serving predominantly lower SES minority children remain twice as likely to be victims of violence as students in suburban, town, or rural areas.In addressing the tragic incidents that have occurred recently in suburban and rural schools, it is critical that the more ongoing and severe problems of lower SES urban schools and students not be forgotten or ignored. † All these data, figures and studies have their significant effect on our schools and in society as a whole. Indeed â€Å"what we do in our schools on a day to day basis in terms of discipline may be related to serious crime and violence† (indi ana. edu). Thus, each of us is partly to blame for what is happening. And as we are part of the problem, so, too are we parts of the solution.And while comprehensive programs and tightened security are implemented to improve the atmosphere inside the school and reduce the violence, we may say that, really, only time could tell what the future holds for our country’s educational system. References Anderson, C. A. , Gentile, Douglas A. , Burkley, K. E. Violent Video Game Effects on Children and Adolescents: Theory Research and Public Policy. New York: Oxford University Press; 2007, 83. Anderson, Craig A. et al. The Influence Of Media Violence On Youth. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4 (3); 81.Anderson, M. , Kaufman J. , Simon T. R. , Barrios L, Paulozzi L, Ryan G, et al. School-associated violent deaths in the United States, 1994-1999. JAMA 2001; 286 (21):2695-702. Bergstein J. M. , Hemenway D. , Kennedy B. , Quaday S. , Ander R. Guns in young hands: a survey of urban teenagers' attitudes and behaviors related to handgun violence. Journal of Trauma. 1996 Nov; 41(5):794-8. Bowen, Natasha K. , Bowen, Gary L. Effects of Crime and Violence in Neighborhoods and Schools on the School Behavior and Performance of Adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, Vol. 14 No. , July 1999, 321-23. Center for Mental Health in Schools at UCLA. Youth Gangs and Schools. Los Angeles, CA: 2007. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. School-associated student homicides-United States, 1992-2006. MMWR 2008;57(02):33-36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Temporal variations in school-associated student homicide and suicide events – United States, 1992 -1999. MMWR 2001;50(31):657-60. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2007. Surveillance Summaries, June 6, 2008. MMWR 2008;57(SS-4).Constitutional Rights Foundation. Causes of School Violence, no date. Retrieved from http://www. crf-usa . org/school-violence/causes-of-school-violence. html. Department of Education. Indicators of school crime and safety: 2008. NCES 2009-022. Department of Education and Justice (US); 2009. Washington (DC): US Government Printing Office. Garbarino, J. , Abramowitz, R. H. (1992). The ecology of human development. In J. Garbarino (Ed. ), Children and families in the social environment (2nd ed. , pp. 11-33). New York: Aldine de Gruyter. Jamieson, A. , Curry, A. Martinez, G. School enrollment in the United States – social and economic characteristics of students. Department of Commerce (US), Census Bureau (US);1999. Washington (DC): US Government Printing Office. Kachur, S. P. , Stennies, G. M. , Powell, K. E. , Modzeleski, W. , Stephens, R. , Murphy, R. , et al. School-associated violent deaths in the United States, 1992 to 1994. JAMA 1996;275(22):1729-33. Lochman, J. E. , Lampron, L. B. , Gemmer, T. C. , & Harris, S. R. (1987). Anger coping intervention with aggressive children:A guide to implementation in school settings.In P. A. Keller& S. R. Heyman (Eds. ), Innovations in clinical practice: A source book (Vol. 6, pp. 339-356). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange. McCluskey, N. Violence in Public Schools: A Dirty Secret. School Reform News: 2005, June 1. Retrieved from: http://www. cato. org/publications/commentary/violence-public-schools-dirty-secret Olweus, D. Bullying at school: what we know and what we can do. Malden (MA): Blackwell; 1993. Pollack, W. Real boys: rescuing our sons form the myths of boyhood. New York (NY): Henry Holt and Company, LLC; 1998.

Thomas Hardy’s Jude the Obscure

The novel Jude the Obscure, by Thomas Hardy, was first published unabridged in 1896. It narrates the doomed existence of the protagonist, Jude, from the moment he is still a boy at Marygreen and is inspired by a rural schoolmaster to think of a university education, to the moment in which he dies, alone and unattended. It tells the story of a man whose dreams and ambitions are gradually destroyed, and end up being shattered. Jude lives an enternal cyclical movement, in which he never gets any closer to whaever he is looking for, due to forces which seem to be operating against him all the time.In this essay, I will conduct an analysis of these social forces, in order to show that Hardy did create a realistic depiction of ninteenth century British society. According to Brooks [1], a realistic depiction is similar to the vision we have if go up a high tower and remove the housetops of the houses, to show what is really happening in the rooms exposed. It is a duty of the realistic write r, to dismantle appearances and not to reproduce the facade, and â€Å"to give us not only the world viewed, as well as the world comprehended . Hardy shows us that Jude is making choices at a certain level, referring to his personal life, but there are social and economic forces which operate on him so he does not take decisions, once these circumstances limit his choices. Early on in the novel, we see Jude struggling against the circumstances. The village of Marygreen is set in opposition to the university town of Christminster. The young Jude sees Christminster as an enlightened place of learning, relating it to his dreams of higher education and his vague notions of academic success.Yet while Jude lives quite close to Christminster and knows a man who is going to live there, the city is always only a distant vision in his mind. It is nearly within his reach but at the same time unattainable. This physical distance is a metaphor for the abstract distance between the impoverished Jude and the privileged Christminster students. For the first time in the novel we see Jude heading towards a destination, and being unable to reach it. At the start of the novel, Jude is portrayed as a determined and innocent young man who aspires to things greater than his background allows.He resists succumbing to the discouragement of those around him and does not fear the gap he is creating between himself and the other people of his village. He is seen as eccentric and perhaps impertinent, and his aspirations are dismissed as unrealistic. These circumstances might have led him to marry Arabella. All through his young adult life, he avoids going to Christminster. He appears to be afraid of the failure he might encounter there. In Arabella, he sees something attainable and instantly gratifying, as opposed to the university life, of which he fears he may never become a part.In this way Jude tries to avoid disappointment, but finds that he cannot live within the confines of an un happy marriage. The freedom he receives after Arabella leaves is only partially liberating: It lets him be independent in a physical sense, but because he is still married, it forbids him to achieve legitimate romantic happiness with someone else. Jude is attracted to Christminster because of Sue, who he seeks with a strange devotion, despite his aunt's warning that he should stay away from he.Taken together with her warning that marriages in their family never end well and with the fact that they are cousins, Jude's haste to find and fall in love with Sue creates a sense of foreboding about his fate. He finds that the Christminster colleges are not welcoming toward self-educated men, and when he accepts that he may not be able to study at the university after all, he starts drinking. â€Å" He began to see that the town life was a book of humanity infinitely more palpitating, varied, and compendious than the gown life.These struggling men and women before him were the reality of C hristminster, though they knew little of Christ or Minster. That was one of the humours of things. The floating population of students and teachers, who did know both in a way, were not Christminster in a local sense at all. † The narrator tells us how big the distance between his aspirations and his relaity is, since Jude works so hard that he can no longer dedicate himself to his studies at night: â€Å"So fatigued was he sometimes after his day's work that he could not aintain the critical attention necessary for thorough application. He felt that he wanted a coach – a friend at his elbow to tell him in a moment what sometimes would occupy him a weary month in extracting from unanticipative, clumsy books. † The episode in the pub, in which he recites Latin to a group of workmen and undergraduates, shows the contrast between Jude's intellect and his appearance. Christminster will not accept him because he belongs to the working class, yet he is intelligent and well-read through independent study, he is advised to remain in his own sphere.The realization that his learning will help him only to perform in pubs sits heavily with Jude, as we can tell from his reaction at the pub: â€Å"`You pack of fools! ‘ he cried. `Which one of you knows whether I have said it or no? It might have been the Ratcatcher's Daughter in double Dutch for all that your besotted heads can tell! See what I have brought myself to – the crew I have come among! ‘† He looks for consolation with Sue and shows her what he considers to be his worst side†: â€Å"†¦ `I am so wicked, Sue – my heart is nearly broken, and I could not bear my life as it was!So I have been drinking, and blaspheming, or next door to it, and saying holy things in disreputable quarters – repeating in idle bravado words which ought never to be uttered but reverently! Oh, do anything with me, Sue – kill me – I don't care! Only don't hat e me and despise me like all the rest of the world! ‘† Jude is comforted only by the idea of becoming a clergyman. Once again, he does have the ability to make a decision, but he only chooses to become a clergyman because his choices were limited by the conventions and prejudices of society.The moral implications of the friendship and romance between Jude and Sue emerge as an important issue. Jude's doomed existence is also shaped by other people's indecision. Sue shows herself to be both radical in her intellectual views and conservative in her social practices. She leaves the Training College because she discovers that its rules are intolerably strict, and she cannot conform to the rules of her establishment in Melchester either. She comes to see Jude as a protector, and reveals to be quite an impulsive character, and not to care much about Jude's intense feelings for her and the implications of her actions: Suddenly, however, quite a passionate letter arrived from Sue . She was quite lonely and miserable, she told him. She hated the place she was in; it was worse than the ecclesiastical designer's; worse than anywhere. She felt utterly friendless; could he come immediately? – though when he did come she would only be able to see him at limited times, the rules of the establishment she found herself in being strict to a degree. It was Mr. Phillotson who had advised her to come there, and she wished she had never listened to him. † †¦ Phillotson's suit was not exactly prospering, evidently; and Jude felt unreasonably glad. He packed up his things and went to Melchester with a lighter heart than he had known for months. † When they meet, the narrator describes her as unhappy and changed, but not anxious and desperate as she was when she wrote the letter, since Jude is the only one overcome by emotion: â€Å"Though she had been here such a short while, she was not as he had seen her last. All her bounding manner was gone; her curves of motion had become subdued lines. The screens and subtleties of convention had likewise disappeared.Yet neither was she quite the woman who had written the letter that summoned him. That had plainly been dashed off in an impulse which second thoughts had somewhat regretted; thoughts that were possibly of his recent self-disgrace. Jude was quite overcome with emotion. † â€Å"†¦ she had altogether the air of a woman clipped and pruned by severe discipline, an under-brightness shining through from the depths which that discipline had not yet been able to reach. † Sue makes it clear that she doesn't see Jude as a lover, and is annoyed by the fact that he is love with her.She goes back and forth in her protests, sometimes wanting to enter into a romantic relationship with Jude and sometimes believing it to be misguided. When he confesses that he is married, she accuses him of dishonesty, but there is a hint of disappointment in her tone because his marriage o nly adds a further obstruction to their possible romance. She marries Phillotson in this state of anger and frustration, and Jude feels that he cannot and should not dissuade her. By doing so, Sue hopes to protect her reputation and achieve the traditional lifestyle of a married woman.After Jude spends the night with Arabella, Sue tries to push him away again, then invites him to her home soon after. Sue does not know what she wants, but is slowly realizing that she finds Phillotson repulsive. She does not admit to loving Jude, but still turns to him to be her protector. She recognizes her own intellect and her potential for a satisfying career in teaching, and marries Phillotson partly out of a desire for a pleasant work environment. She resists a romantic relationship with Jude, but falls in love with him despite her misgivings.However, when it comes time to marry, she does not wish to enter into a legal contract in which she would again be confined and their financial difficultie s push them into a wandering life. The uncertainty surrounding their status foreshadows difficulties to come, as there is a sense of illegitimacy lingering in their relationship. Society dispproves of it, and the children and Sue's pregnancy only add to that. The tragic conclusion of the novel arises as the inevitable result of the difficulties faced by the two cousins.When Father Time kills himself and the other children, Sue is the one who cannot handle it and start regarding their relationship as sinful and the death of the children as punishment. She thinks the child of a legitimate union had punished the ones of an illegitimate one, as the result of her transgressions against the institution of marriage. She marries Philoston again in an act of hopelessness, almost masochistic behaviour, once she feels repulse for him and knows she will never love him. This action may be seen as an attempt to conform, but it is also a selfish act. Sue could have left Jude and lived on er own, k ept struggling against conventions as a divorced woman.She finds a solution which is, at the same time emotionally torturing and financially comortable for her, while Jude remains lonely and poor, having had both his academic and his romantic aspirations destroyed. Jude then enters a state of self mutilation and acceptance of the suffering. He goes back to Arabella, who once again represents the last and worse of his options, and an act of desistance. After Jude gets sick she imediatelly starts looking for another possible husband, and slowly reveals, throughout the novel, to be quite an animalistic character.She personifies the danger of a bad marriage, and is heartless to the point of being unable to sacrifice a boat race to be with him while he is dying or even to take care of his body after he dies. The Jude we see in the last chapter is a handicapped vesion of the young, ambitious one from the beginning of the novel. He is depicted as a man who is exhausted after having spent h is life fighting against a strong opponent, represented by nineteenth century British society. It ended up mutilating him and left him with nothing, longing for his death.The lack of conflicts' resolution and the sense of vagueness in Arabella's suggestion about Sue's miserable future reveal the modernity of the novel. Accroding to Schweik, Hardy successfully images life as first impulsive passion and confidence leading to disappointments, collapse of hopes, and death. [2] With its open ending, Jude the Obscure turns out to be a novel in which the relationship between form and content becomes the form itself.Bibliography: Brooks, Peter. Realist Vision. New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 2005. Hardy, Thomas. Jude The Obscure. Penguin Popular Classics, England,1994. Schweik, Robert C. â€Å"The Modernity of Hardy in Jude the Obscure†. In: A Spacious Vision: Essays on Hardy. Newmill, The Patten Press, 1994, p. 49-64. Stern, J. P. â€Å"On Realismâ€Å". In: Concepts of Literature. Routledge ; Kegan Paul, 1973. Watt, Ian. â€Å" Realism and the Novelâ€Å". In: Essays in Criticism II, p. 376-396, 1952. ———————– [1] Brooks, Peter. Realist Vision. New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 2005. [2] Schweik, Robert C. â€Å"The Modernity of Hardy in Jude the Obscure†. In: A Spacious Vision: Essays on Hardy. Newmill, The Patten Press, 1994, p. 49-64.